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GEOMETRY STRANDS

Problem Solving   Reasoning and Proof   Communication   Connections   Representation   Algebra   Geometry

Problem Solving Strand
 

Students will build new mathematical knowledge through problem solving.

G.PS.1Use a variety of problem solving strategies to understand new mathematical content

Students will solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts.

G.PS.2Observe and explain patterns to formulate generalizations and conjectures
G.PS.3Use multiple representations to represent and explain problem situations (e.g., spatial, geometric, verbal, numeric, algebraic, and graphical representations)

Students will apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems.

G.PS.4Construct various types of reasoning, arguments, justifications and methods of proof for problems
G.PS.5Choose an effective approach to solve a problem from a variety of strategies (numeric, graphic, algebraic)
G.PS.6

Use a variety of strategies to extend solution methods to other problems

G.PS.7Work in collaboration with others to propose, critique, evaluate, and value alternative approaches to problem solving

Students will monitor and reflect on the process of mathematical problem solving.

G.PS.8Determine information required to solve the problem, choose methods for obtaining the information, and define parameters for acceptable solutions
G.PS.9

Interpret solutions within the given constraints of a problem

G.PS.10Evaluate the relative efficiency of different representations and solution methods of a problem

 

Reasoning and Proof Strand
 

Students will recognize reasoning and proof as fundamental aspects of mathematics.

G.RP.1

Recognize that mathematical ideas can be supported by a variety of strategies

G.RP.2Recognize and verify, where appropriate, geometric relationships of perpendicularity, parallelism, congruence, and similarity, using algebraic strategies

Students will make and investigate mathematical conjectures.

G.RP.3Investigate and evaluate conjectures in mathematical terms, using mathematical strategies to reach a conclusion

Students will develop and evaluate mathematical arguments and proofs.

G.RP.4Provide correct mathematical arguments in response to other students’ conjectures, reasoning, and arguments
G.RP.5Present correct mathematical arguments in a variety of forms
G.RP.6Evaluate written arguments for validity

Students will select and use various types of reasoning and methods of proof.

G.RP.7Construct a proof using a variety of methods (e.g., deductive, analytic, transformational)
G.RP.8Devise ways to verify results or use counterexamples to refute incorrect statements
G.RP.9Apply inductive reasoning in making and supporting mathematical conjectures

 

Communication Strand
 

Students will organize and consolidate their mathematical thinking through communication.

G.CM.1Communicate verbally and in writing a correct, complete, coherent, and clear design (outline) and explanation for the steps used in solving a problem
G.CM.2Use mathematical representations to communicate with appropriate accuracy, including numerical tables, formulas, functions, equations, charts, graphs, and diagrams

Students will communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others.

G.CM.3Present organized mathematical ideas with the use of appropriate standard notations, including the use of symbols and other representations when sharing an idea in verbal and written form     
G.CM.4Explain relationships among different representations of a problem
G.CM.5Communicate logical arguments clearly, showing why a result makes sense and why the reasoning is valid
G.CM.6Support or reject arguments or questions raised by others about the correctness of mathematical work

Students will analyze and evaluate the mathematical thinking and strategies of others.

G.CM.7Read and listen for logical understanding of mathematical thinking shared by other students       
G.CM.8Reflect on strategies of others in relation to one’s own strategy
G.CM.9Formulate mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or challenge strategies, solutions, and/or conjectures of others

Students will use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely.

G.CM.10Use correct mathematical language in developing mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or challenge other students’ conjectures
G.CM.11Understand and use appropriate language, representations, and terminology when describing objects, relationships, mathematical solutions, and geometric diagrams
G.CM.12Draw conclusions about mathematical ideas through decoding, comprehension, and interpretation of mathematical visuals, symbols, and technical writing

 

Connections Strand
 

Students will recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas.

G.CN.1Understand and make connections among multiple representations of the same mathematical idea   
G.CN.2Understand the corresponding procedures for similar problems or mathematical concepts

Students will understand how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another to produce a coherent whole.

G.CN.3Model situations mathematically, using representations to draw conclusions and formulate new situations       
G.CN.4Understand how concepts, procedures, and mathematical results in one area of mathematics can be used to solve problems in other areas of mathematics
G.CN.5Understand how quantitative models connect to various physical models and representations

Students will recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics.

G.CN.6Recognize and apply mathematics to situations in the outside world       
G.CN.7Recognize and apply mathematical ideas to problem situations that develop outside of mathematics
G.CN.8Develop an appreciation for the historical development of mathematics

 

Representation Strand
 

Students will create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.

G.R.1Use physical objects, diagrams, charts, tables, graphs, symbols, equations, or objects created using technology as representations of mathematical concepts
G.R.2Recognize, compare, and use an array of representational forms
G.R.3Use representation as a tool for exploring and understanding mathematical ideas

Students will select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve problems.

G.R.4Select appropriate representations to solve problem situations   
G.R.5Investigate relationships among different representations and their impact on a given problem

Students will use representations to model and interpret physical, social, and mathematical phenomena.

G.R.6Use mathematics to show and understand physical phenomena (e.g., determine the number of gallons of water in a fish tank)
G.R.7Use mathematics to show and understand social phenomena (e.g., determine if conclusions from another person’s argument have a logical foundation)
G.R.8Use mathematics to show and understand mathematical phenomena (e.g., use investigation, discovery, conjecture, reasoning, arguments, justification and proofs to validate that the two base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent)

 

Algebra Strand
 

Note: The algebraic skills and concepts within the Algebra process and content performance indicators must be maintained and applied as students are asked to investigate, make conjectures, give rationale, and justify or prove geometric concepts.

 

Geometry Strand
 

Students will use visualization and spatial reasoning to analyze characteristics and properties of geometric shapes.

Geometric Relationships  Note: Two-dimensional geometric relationships are addressed in the Informal and Formal Proofs band.
G.G.1Know and apply that if a line is perpendicular to each of two intersecting lines at their point of intersection, then the line is perpendicular to the plane determined by them
G.G.2Know and apply that through a given point there passes one and only one plane perpendicular to a given line
G.G.3Know and apply that through a given point there passes one and only one line perpendicular to a given plane
G.G.4Know and apply that two lines perpendicular to the same plane are coplanar
G.G.5Know and apply that two planes are perpendicular to each other if and only if one plane contains a line perpendicular to the second plane
G.G.6Know and apply that if a line is perpendicular to a plane, then any line perpendicular to the given line at its point of intersection with the given plane is in the given plane
G.G.7Know and apply that if a line is perpendicular to a plane, then every plane containing the line is perpendicular to the given plane
G.G.8Know and apply that if a plane intersects two parallel planes, then the intersection is two parallel lines
G.G.9Know and apply that if two planes are perpendicular to the same line, they are parallel
G.G.10Know and apply that the lateral edges of a prism are congruent and parallel
G.G.11Know and apply that two prisms have equal volumes if their bases have equal areas and their altitudes are equal
G.G.12Know and apply that the volume of a prism is the product of the area of the base and the altitude
G.G.13Apply the properties of a regular pyramid, including:
o lateral edges are congruent
o lateral faces are congruent isosceles triangles
o volume of a pyramid equals one-third the product of the area of the base and the altitude
G.G.14Apply the properties of a cylinder, including:
o bases are congruent
o volume equals the product of the area of the base and the altitude
o lateral area of a right circular cylinder equals the product of an altitude and the circumference of the base
G.G.15Apply the properties of a right circular cone, including:
o lateral area equals one-half the product of the slant height and the circumference of its base
o volume is one-third the product of the area of its base and its altitude
G.G.16Apply the properties of a sphere, including:
o the intersection of a plane and a sphere is a circle
o a great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on a sphere
o two planes equidistant from the center of the sphere and intersecting the sphere do so in congruent circles
o surface area is
o volume is
Constructions (8.G.0 is a post-March Grade 8 Performance Indicator assessed on the Geometry Regents Exam)
8.G.0Construct the following using a straight edge and compass: Segment congruent to a segment; angle congruent to an angle; perpendicular bisector; and angle bisector
G.G.17 Construct a bisector of a given angle, using a straightedge and compass, and justify the construction
G.G.18 Construct the perpendicular bisector of a given segment, using a straightedge and compass, and justify the construction
G.G.19 Construct lines parallel (or perpendicular) to a given line through a given point, using a straightedge and compass, and justify the construction
G.G.20 Construct an equilateral triangle, using a straightedge and compass, and justify the construction
Locus
G.G.21Investigate and apply the concurrence of medians, altitudes, angle bisectors, and perpendicular bisectors of triangles
G.G.22Solve problems using compound loci
G.G.23Graph and solve compound loci in the coordinate plane

Students will identify and justify geometric relationships formally and informally.

Informal and Formal Proofs
G.G.24Determine the negation of a statement and establish its truth value
G.G.25Know and apply the conditions under which a compound statement (conjunction, disjunction, conditional, biconditional) is true
G.G.26Identify and write the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of a given conditional statement and note the logical equivalences
G.G.27Write a proof arguing from a given hypothesis to a given conclusion
G.G.28Determine the congruence of two triangles by using one of the five congruence techniques (SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, HL), given sufficient information about the sides and/or angles of two congruent triangles
G.G.29Identify corresponding parts of congruent triangles
G.G.30Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle
G.G.31Investigate, justify, and apply the isosceles triangle theorem and its converse
G.G.32Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about geometric inequalities, using the exterior angle theorem
G.G.33Investigate, justify, and apply the triangle inequality theorem
G.G.34Determine either the longest side of a triangle given the three angle measures or the largest angle given the lengths of three sides of a triangle
G.G.35Determine if two lines cut by a transversal are parallel, based on the measure of given pairs of angles formed by the transversal and the lines
G.G.36Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the sum of the measures of the interior and exterior angles of polygons
G.G.37Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about each interior and exterior angle measure of regular polygons
G.G.38Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about parallelograms involving their angles, sides, and diagonals
G.G.39Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about special parallelograms (rectangles, rhombuses, squares) involving their angles, sides, and diagonals
G.G.40Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about trapezoids (including isosceles trapezoids) involving their angles, sides, medians, and diagonals
G.G.41Justify that some quadrilaterals are parallelograms, rhombuses, rectangles, squares, or trapezoids
G.G.42Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about geometric relationships, based on the properties of the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of the triangle
G.G.43Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the centroid of a triangle, dividing each median into segments whose lengths are in the ratio 2:1
G.G.44Establish similarity of triangles, using the following theorems: AA, SAS, and SSS
G.G.45Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about similar triangles
G.G.46Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about proportional relationships among the segments of the sides of the triangle, given one or more lines parallel to one side of a triangle and intersecting the other two sides of the triangle
G.G.47Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about mean proportionality:
o the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the mean proportional between the two segments along the hypotenuse
o the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle divides the hypotenuse so that either leg of the right triangle is the mean proportional between the hypotenuse and segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg
G.G.48Investigate, justify, and apply the Pythagorean theorem and its converse
G.G.49Investigate, justify, and apply theorems regarding chords of a circle:
o perpendicular bisectors of chords
o the relative lengths of chords as compared to their distance from the center of the circle
G.G.50Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about tangent lines to a circle:
o a perpendicular to the tangent at the point of tangency
o two tangents to a circle from the same external point
o common tangents of two non-intersecting or tangent circles
G.G.51Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the arcs determined by the rays of angles formed by two lines intersecting a circle when the vertex is:
o inside the circle (two chords)
o on the circle (tangent and chord)
o outside the circle (two tangents, two secants, or tangent and secant)
G.G.52Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about arcs of a circle cut by two parallel lines
G.G.53Investigate, justify, and apply theorems regarding segments intersected by a circle:
o along two tangents from the same external point
o along two secants from the same external point
o along a tangent and a secant from the same external point
o along two intersecting chords of a given circle

Students will apply transformations and symmetry to analyze problem solving situations.

Transformational Geometry
G.G.54 Define, investigate, justify, and apply isometries in the plane (rotations, reflections, translations, glide reflections)  Note: Use proper function notation
G.G.55Investigate, justify, and apply the properties that remain invariant under translations, rotations, reflections, and glide reflections
G.G.56Identify specific isometries by observing orientation, numbers of invariant points, and/or parallelism
G.G.57Justify geometric relationships (perpendicularity, parallelism, congruence) using transformational techniques (translations, rotations, reflections)
G.G.58 Define, investigate, justify, and apply similarities (dilations and the composition of dilations and isometries)
G.G.59Investigate, justify, and apply the properties that remain invariant under similarities
G.G.60Identify specific similarities by observing orientation, numbers of invariant points, and/or parallelism
G.G.61 Investigate, justify, and apply the analytical representations for translations, rotations about the origin of 90º and 180º, reflections over the lines x = 0,  y = 0, and  y = x, and dilations centered at the origin

Students will apply coordinate geometry to analyze problem solving situations.

Coordinate Geometry
G.G.62Find the slope of a perpendicular line, given the equation of a line
G.G.63Determine whether two lines are parallel, perpendicular, or neither, given their equations
G.G.64Find the equation of a line, given a point on the line and the equation of a line perpendicular to the given line
G.G.65Find the equation of a line, given a point on the line and the equation of a line parallel to the desired line
G.G.66Find the midpoint of a line segment, given its endpoints
G.G.67Find the length of a line segment, given its endpoints
G.G.68Find the equation of a line that is the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, given the endpoints of the line segment
G.G.69Investigate, justify, and apply the properties of triangles and quadrilaterals in the coordinate plane, using the distance, midpoint, and slope formulas
G.G.70Solve systems of equations involving one linear equation and one quadratic equation graphically
G.G.71Write the equation of a circle, given its center and radius or given the endpoints of a diameter
G.G.72 Write the equation of a circle, given its graph Note: The center is an ordered pair of integers and the radius is an integer
G.G.73Find the center and radius of a circle, given the equation of the circle in center-radius form
G.G.74Graph circles of the form (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2

 

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